tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21888789563973250462024-02-19T09:30:10.769+07:00Nanda Healthkomaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.comBlogger69125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-49333180940488151532017-02-25T22:24:00.001+07:002017-02-25T22:24:09.509+07:00Eight Tips to Help You Get Rid of Candida<br />
The process of cleaning your body from the oppressive mushroom that affect the quality of your life is not short, nor contain any magical solution. However, if you will maintain a balance diet of five small meals a day and will not be alarmed of mood changes, you can help yourself get well.<br />
<br />
<br />
The fungus side effects are not sustainable, but how can you keep a menu that includes a rigorous treatment of no carbohydrate and no sweets? Those who prefer to go on the natural treatment without conventional drugs to stop the effects of the fungus on the body often encountered concerns and difficulties.<br />
<br />
<br />
Candida, or in its medical name “Candida albicans”, is one kind of 20 types of yeast fungus that are dangerous to man. It lives naturally in our colon, mucous membranes and skin and usually does not cause damage. It begins to interfere when the immune system is compromised, allowing it to spread and cause unpleasant symptoms, including itching, abdominal pain, genital pain in women and more. Here are 8 tips to help you maintain the naturopathy anti-fungal therapy.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Maintain a balanced diet<br />
<br />
In the first stages of therapy you should not reach a state of starvation, then it is easier to deviate from the menu. Maintain a diet of five small protein meals a day.<br />
2. Remember, the side effects are temporary<br />
<br />
In the therapy first stages the body evacuates the Candida and other waste materials, this leads to physical and emotional reactions such as diarrhea, flatulence, headaches, rashes, crying, and a tendency to anger. Hang on, those side effects will disappear after a few days.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. Persisted with physical activity<br />
<br />
To assist the body in the cleaning process, it is important to keep proper breathing and to exercise on the beach, or in green areas.<br />
4. Eat high-quality food<br />
<br />
Candida treatment success depends on strict adherence to treatment guidelines and in particular the type, quality and content of food consumed. To do so, you must avoid spending the first few weeks in restaurants and cafes, for two reasons: the difficulty to resist, and the danger that the food will be infected by parasites and will hamper the success of treatment.<br />
Outdoor fitness will help treat mood problems.<br />
5. Focused on the positive implications<br />
<br />
Candida treatment does wonders for healthy hair and fingernails. You should avoid pasting fingernails during the treatment period in order to allow a healthy fingernail growth and keep track of the process.<br />
6. Do not fear from provisions<br />
<br />
It is important to follow the physical occurrences such as texture and color of various body secretions including sputum, vaginal discharge, runny nose, ear discharge, feces, etc., and report at meetings. This information is very significant for the therapist.<br />
7. Wait for an improvement in mental state<br />
<br />
Candida significant impact your mental condition. Among other things it can cause fatigue, depression and disproportionate emotional reactions. The early stages of the treatment may cause fluctuations in mood, increased tendency to cry and flooding<br />
of past feelings. This is a difficult process, but very positive and is an integral part of the physical cleaning.<br />
<br />
Do not put yourself in pressure following the strict dietary guidelines. Proper treatment will balance the sugar levels in your body, reduce the craving for sweets, and control the feelings of hunger and need for food. You will also feel much better mentally.<br />
8. You can have sex<br />
<br />
The opinions of the Infection options are divided even among physicians and among therapists. Recommended during the first treatment to have protected sex and avoid unprotected oral sex if there is an intense vaginal candidiasis.<br />
<br />
Source : http://healthmad.com/conditions-and-diseases/eight-tips-to-help-you-get-rid-of-candida/komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-54166490509795880812017-02-02T14:04:00.000+07:002017-02-02T14:04:18.754+07:004 Nursing Intervention for Ascariasis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVaINutl1btsfBZM-zGYk7gvrTPRLAkx9BeqXoE23A5M0Ur-UHCxMOG7HY3iB4T9a_ceX0wqFlOnzDpc1fn6P6bK12jH5btB92E1PP3H0oozgwmDd7wy9Y3QpVt2yabvGOvEpUGqqrktE/s1600/4+Nursing+Intervention+for+Ascariasis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVaINutl1btsfBZM-zGYk7gvrTPRLAkx9BeqXoE23A5M0Ur-UHCxMOG7HY3iB4T9a_ceX0wqFlOnzDpc1fn6P6bK12jH5btB92E1PP3H0oozgwmDd7wy9Y3QpVt2yabvGOvEpUGqqrktE/s320/4+Nursing+Intervention+for+Ascariasis.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptoms increase with the number of worms present and may include shortness of breath and fever in the beginning of the disease. These may be followed by symptoms of abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Children are most commonly affected, and in this age group the infection may also cause poor weight gain, malnutrition, and learning problems.<br />
<br />
<b>4 Nursing Intervention for Ascariasis <br />
<br />
</b>1. Fluid volume deficit r / t loss secondary to diarrhea. (Carpenito, 2000: 104).<br />
<br />
Goal: Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance,<br />
the expected outcomes; not finding signs of dehydration and the clients are able to show signs of rehydration and maintenance of adequate hydration.<br />
<br />
Nursing Interventions:<br />
Monitor intake and output of fluids.<br />
Observed signs of dehydration (hyperthermia, down skin turgor, dry mucous membranes).<br />
Give oral rehydration solution piecemeal assist adequate hydration.<br />
Observe for signs of dehydration.<br />
Observation intravenous fluid administration.<br />
<br />
2. Impaired sense of comfort: pain r / t smooth muscle spasm secondary to migration of parasites in the stomach.<br />
<br />
Goal: Pain will be lost or diminished<br />
with expected outcomes: The client does not show pain.<br />
<br />
Nursing Interventions:<br />
Assess the extent and characteristics of pain.<br />
Give a warm compress on the abdomen.<br />
Teach method of distraction for acute pain.<br />
Set a comfortable position that can reduce pain.<br />
Collaboration for analgesia.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements r / t anorexia and vomiting (Carpenito, 2000: 260).<br />
<br />
Goal: Nutrition fulfilled<br />
with expected outcomes: The client showed increased appetite, weight according to age.<br />
<br />
Nursing Interventions:<br />
Give adequate food diet, nutritional nutritious.<br />
Measure body weight every day.<br />
Explain the importance of adequate nutrition.<br />
Maintain good oral hygiene.<br />
<br />
4. Hyperthermia r / t decrease in circulation secondary to dehydration (Carpenito, 2000; 21)<br />
<br />
Goal: Maintaining normothermia indicated by the absence of signs and symptoms of hyperthermia, such as tachycardia, skin redness, temperature and blood pressure normal.<br />
<br />
Nursing Interventions:<br />
Teach the client and family the importance of adequate feedback.<br />
Monitor fluid intake and output<br />
Monitor the temperature and vital signs<br />
Make a compress.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-19604347438539470242017-01-26T09:31:00.000+07:002017-08-05T13:15:42.248+07:00Environmental Management: Comfort to Reduce PainDonahuwe (1989) sums up "through a sense of comfort and actions for comfort, nurses provide strength, hope, consolation, support, encouragement and assistance." A variety of nursing theory states comfort as the basic needs of the client which is the purpose of nursing care. The concept of the convenience of having the same subjectivity of pain. Each individual has a characteristic physiological, social, spiritual, psychological and cultural influences how they interpret pain. Kolcaba (1992) defines comfort in a consistent manner on the subjective experience kilien. Polcaba defines comfort as a state has met the basic needs of human beings. These needs include the need for reassurance (a satisfaction which improves the daily appearance), relief (needs have been met) and transcendent (state about something beyond the problem or pain).<br />
<br />
Definition: The act of environmental manipulation to optimize patient comfort<br />
<br />
<b>Environmental Management: Comfort to Reduce Pain</b><br />
<ul><li>Providing the same room with the desired environment, if possible and appropriate.</li>
<li>Limiting visitors.</li>
<li>Avoid disturbing unneeded and provide time off</li>
<li>Determining the source of discomfort, such as clothes were damp, the position of the pipe, tight clothes, bed linen wrinkle, and environmental irritants</li>
<li>Preparing the room clean and the beds were comfortable</li>
<li>Setting the room temperature comfortable for the patient, if possible</li>
<li>Move or provide blankets to increase the comfort, if indicated</li>
<li>Avoid unnecessary exposure, a lot of wind, too hot, and cold</li>
<li>Set the lighting according to activity and the needs of patients, avoid lights directly into the eye</li>
<li>Control and prevent the atmosphere is too crowded, if possible</li>
<li>Facilitates personal hygiene for ensuring patient (such as wiping the forehead, using skin cream or body wash, hair and oral hygiene)</li>
<li>Positioning the patient to obtain comfort (using the principles of body alignment / line of the body, supported by pillows, protect joints during movement, and pain immobilisasikan body parts)</li>
<li>Monitor the skin, especially areas of the body having suppressed, as a sign of suppression or irritation</li>
<li>Avoid skin and mucous membrane of irritants (such as diarrhea stool and wound drainage)</li>
</ul>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-7471603081986617512017-01-26T08:59:00.006+07:002017-01-26T08:59:46.268+07:00Efficacy of Bananas that Never Suspected<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUXihfe8QSX3RiARWopAU5-hDKN-tRazkQt_z_nkZYZJoInEm7EELGsGsHqKJRA7WM-OfBe-2MNgiRZMTljVZ50z8LG_1Pem5AMO1lhGFiFv0O3OEkKeRhPzlUTbJb4M2XXSk3cpzuQZA/s1600/Efficacy+of+Bananas+that+Never+Suspected.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUXihfe8QSX3RiARWopAU5-hDKN-tRazkQt_z_nkZYZJoInEm7EELGsGsHqKJRA7WM-OfBe-2MNgiRZMTljVZ50z8LG_1Pem5AMO1lhGFiFv0O3OEkKeRhPzlUTbJb4M2XXSk3cpzuQZA/s320/Efficacy+of+Bananas+that+Never+Suspected.jpg" width="315" /></a></div>
Banana is one fruit that is preferred by all levels of society of all ages. This is because, the fruit is easy to get all over the place, and with a relatively affordable price. The fruit is highly suitable as a dessert after a meal. So from that, many of us who serve this fruit in the daily menu. Consuming a banana was a lot of benefits for health. There are various benefits of bananas that you never thought before. <br />
<br />
As a variety of other fruits, bananas also has properties or benefits when consumed. Many of us who believe that this fruit has various benefits hidden in it.<br />
<br />
<b>Efficacy of Bananas that Never Suspected</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Lose weight naturally. For those of you who have problems with weight, then regularly consume this fruit can help you lose weight you have. This is because, this fruit contains a relatively small amount of calories.</li>
<li>Balance the amount of fluid in the body. The body needs sufficient amount of fluid to support the performance of all organs in the body. Therefore, the content of potassium in bananas is very important to help balance the amount of fluid in the body.</li>
<li>If you are susceptible to diseases like flu, cough and others. Start eating a banana. The content of vitamin C in this fruit helps boost the immune system you have.</li>
<li>If you want healthy bones. Eating bananas regularly may help nourish your bones. This is because, this fruit is one of the fruits that contain manganese which is quite high.</li>
<li>Improving the energy needed by the body in an instant. When activity increases daily, eat a banana. It is intended that the body does not quickly exhausted and tired in the density of activity or your work.</li>
<li>Improving the digestive system in your body. Regularly consume this fruit can help your digestive system performance even better. So that a variety of nutrients from the food you eat can be absorbed and used by the body optimally anyway.</li>
<li>As a natural constipation drug. Bananas can also help you facilitate defecation. So from that, eat bananas to avoid hardening of the stool as an early symptom of constipation.</li>
</ul>
komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-49540531801103290302017-01-26T08:46:00.001+07:002017-01-26T08:46:20.149+07:00Health Benefits of Strawberries for Your Body<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz_NIgPWDzYPe0If7wGgoPdh-s1dgNEVf5XO5-wdvwwHhJUYdGiLw8jkELkMlGRBzfksNjcEDOuukxVhyphenhyphenV1V4dZ0GyVfgC2aq9mD89C71SAPM-NxVC7gxcNhq6y6tXHT3K4eFnZ6SEyy8/s1600/health-benefits-of-strawberries-for-your-body.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz_NIgPWDzYPe0If7wGgoPdh-s1dgNEVf5XO5-wdvwwHhJUYdGiLw8jkELkMlGRBzfksNjcEDOuukxVhyphenhyphenV1V4dZ0GyVfgC2aq9mD89C71SAPM-NxVC7gxcNhq6y6tXHT3K4eFnZ6SEyy8/s320/health-benefits-of-strawberries-for-your-body.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Strawberries have a delicious flavor and delicious to eat every day. Most small children certainly very fond of this fruit. Nutritional requirements obtained through fruits, especially strawberries are very supportive in improving health of everyone.<br />
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Strawberries are not so hard to find even though it is relatively expensive. When the strawberry season, you can easily pluck and consume this fruit in the garden directly. Strawberries have shared the nutrients needed by the body such as protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, folate, vitain A and others. Therefore, strawberries course is highly recommended for meal as your daily diet.<br />
<br />
<b>Health Benefits of Strawberries for Your Body</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Help improve your heart health. This is because, these fruits contain flavonoids named</li>
<li> that play a role in reducing the risk of heart attacks that may threaten your life.</li>
<li>Preventing a stroke that could threaten everyone. The content of antioxidants such as quercetin, kaempferol and anthocyanins in strawberries helpful to prevent blood clots that can cause a stroke.</li>
<li>Prevention of cancer hazard. Strawberries contain high antioxidant. Antioxidants help fight free radicals that enter into the body that can cause various types of cancer.</li>
<li>Prevention of hypertension are quite effective. For those of you who have symptoms of high blood pressure or hypertension, then strawberries unfit for consumption. This is because, strawberries contain high potassium and helpful neutralize sodium content in the body.</li>
<li>Constipation natural medicine. Strawberries mengadung enough fiber needed by your body. These fibers also serve to launch a big waste and prevent constipation you do not want.</li>
<li>Food for diabetics and effective in preventing diabetes. Low glycemic index levels and the antioxidant capacity of strawberries functions to control blood sugar levels remain in a stable condition.</li>
<li>Relieve allergies that attack the body. This is because, the content of various nutrients and antioxidants in strawberries have a variety of functions to relieve allergy symptoms are often experienced as itching and watery eyes often.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Source : <i>medicalnewstoday</i>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-75941238121212118402017-01-15T09:56:00.001+07:002017-01-15T09:56:03.927+07:00Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea<br />
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Diarrhea is a disease characterized by a change in stool become too soft or liquid. Stimulus to continue to defecate will continue to happen, as long as the stool still have water or fluid overload. Patients with diarrhea will be cured if the stool has changed as usual. There is no excess liquid and so forth.<br />
<br />
Here are things that are often the cause of diarrhea:<br />
<br />
Infection<br />
<br />
Infection is a factor that is often the cause of someone with diarrhea. Many types of infection that can cause a person to suffer from diarrhea. Here are the different kinds of infections that cause diarrhea:<br />
<ul>
<li>Internal infection - Infection is common in the human digestive tract. If the gastrointestinal infection that can cause diarrhea</li>
<li>Infections caused by bacteria - Bacteria also cause a person exposed to the bacteria. The bacteria can cause a person to become infected. Bacteria that can cause diarrhea are; vibrio coma, e coli, salmonella, yersinia, shigella and also acromonas.</li>
<li>Virus - Virus that exists around us can also cause diarrhea. Viruses that can infect the body. A variety of viruses that cause diarrhea are adeno virus, rotavirus, astro virus and also entero virus.</li>
<li>Parasites - Parasites such as fungi, worms and protozoa can cause infections and the infection can cause diarrhea.</li>
<li>Parental - parental infection that can cause diarrhea is an infection outside the digestive organs for example tonsilo pharyngitis and acute otitis media infection.</li>
</ul>
Non-Infectious<br />
<br />
There are a lot of things can cause diarrhea, which is caused by diseases that are not infectious. For example, are the following:<br />
<ul>
<li>Allergies - Allergies can also cause diarrhea. Allergies are the most dominant cause of diarrhea is food allergies. For example, an allergy to the protein and milk allergy.</li>
<li>Disturbance - Disturbance in the body that can cause a person with diarrhea is a metabolic disorder and malabsorption disorders.</li>
<li>Medications - Medications such as antibiotics can also cause diarrhea.</li>
<li>Intestinal diseases - Intestinal diseases can also affect a person with diarrhea. For example ; a bowel disease such as colitis ulserative, enterocolitis and also Crohn's disease.</li>
<li>Psychological - Psychological can also cause diarrhea. For example, is the excessive fear and anxiety can cause a person affected by a sudden diarrhea.</li>
<li>Nutritional deficiencies - Nutritional deficiencies can also cause diarrhea. For example, is a fiber-rich food shortages and malnutrition.</li>
</ul>
Common symptoms of diarrhea as follows:<br />
<ul>
<li>Abdominal pain - most diarrhea symptoms are abdominal pain that is felt heartburn and wrapped around.</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting - Diarrhea is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.</li>
<li>Defecate continuously - Stimulus to continue to defecate will always be there for soft and liquid feces. Patients with diarrhea will continue to want to defecate.</li>
<li>No appetite - Patients with diarrhea no desire to appetite.</li>
<li>Fever - Symptoms of diarrhea is accompanied by high fever.</li>
<li>Discharge of blood with feces. Under conditions of acute diarrhea, blood can be mixed in the discharge of feces.</li>
<li>Other symptoms - other symptoms such as back aches and stomach worms often emits a sound that is in the stomach.</li>
<li>The body feels limp - Because a lot of fluid out of the body, the body becomes dehydrated. If dehydration body going limp and lethargic due to lack of fluids.</li>
</ul>
Disturbances of Fluid and Electrolyte balance related to Diarrhea<br />
<br />
Objective: The client can maintain adequate fluid volume with the balance of input and output as well as free of signs of dehydration.<br />
<br />
Action taken :<br />
<br />
- Observation of vital signs, tachycardia and fever. Skin turgor and moisture mucous membranes.<br />
Rationale: It is an indicator of dehydration / hypovolemia, and to determine the next intervention.<br />
<br />
- Monitor the input and output of fluid, record / measuring fluid loss through diarrhea and oral.<br />
Rationale: To identify the degree of dehydration and guidelines for fluid replacement.<br />
<br />
- Meet the needs of individuals with determining fluid dosing schedule.<br />
Rationale: Giving fluids regularly can help maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes.<br />
<br />
- Measure weight regularly / schedule.<br />
Rationale: Weight loss showed the presence of excessive fluid loss.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-84051857037982677192017-01-09T13:48:00.000+07:002017-01-09T13:48:20.300+07:00Several Symptoms are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract<b>Several Symptoms Are Used to Indicate Problems with The Gastrointestinal Tract</b><br />
<br />
1. Vomiting, which may include regurgitation of food or the vomiting of blood.<br />
<br />
Vomiting : also known as emesis and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
Regurgitation : is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood.<br />
<br />
Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Diarrhea, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools.<br />
<br />
Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. <br />
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<br />
<br />
3. Constipation, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools.<br />
<br />
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4. Blood in stool, which includes fresh red blood, maroon-coloured blood, and tarry-coloured blood.<br />
<br />
Fresh red blood / Haematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena). Haematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed. <br />
<br />komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-44681426938051231022015-11-04T21:44:00.000+07:002015-11-04T21:44:25.410+07:00Bacteremia and Sepsis - Definition, Causes and Symptoms<b>Bacteremia and Sepsis</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>DEFINITIONS</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.</li>
<li>Sepsis is an infection in the bloodstream.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>CAUSES</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Sepsis is the result of a bacterial infection in the human body.<br />
Which is often the source of sepsis is an infection of the kidney, liver or gall bladder, intestines, skin (cellulitis) and the lungs (pneumonia due to bacteria).<br />
<br />
Risk factors for sepsis:<br />
<ul>
<li>Surgery on the infected part of the body or body parts which normally grow bacteria (eg intestine).</li>
<li>Insert foreign objects into the body, for example; intravenous catheter, urinary catheter or drainage hose.</li>
<li>Drug abuse by injection.</li>
<li>Patients with immune system disorders (eg, due to anti-cancer therapy).</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>SYMPTOMS</b><br />
<br />
Transient bacteremia rarely cause symptoms because the body is usually able to eradicate a small number of bacteria immediately.<br />
<br />
If someone sepsis, there will arise the following symptoms:<br />
<ul>
<li>Fever or hypothermia (decreased body temperature).</li>
<li>Hyperventilation.</li>
<li>Chills.</li>
<li>The skin feels warm.</li>
<li>Skin rash.</li>
<li>Tachycardia (increased heart rate).</li>
<li>Delirious or dazed.</li>
<li>Decreased production of urine.</li>
</ul>
If not addressed, sepsis can lead to infection throughout the body (metastatic infection). Infections can occur in the lining of the brain (meningitis), in the pericardium (pericarditis), in the heart (endocarditis), in the bone (osteomyelitis) and in the large joints. An abscess (accumulation of pus) may develop in almost all parts of the body.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-56138099914916788532015-10-16T21:33:00.001+07:002015-10-16T21:33:24.758+07:00Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia According to ExpertsHypoglycemia occurs due to an excess of insulin in the blood resulting in low blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels can cause symptoms of hypoglycemia, varies between one another.<br />
<br />
At first the body responds to low blood sugar levels by releasing epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal glands and certain nerve endings. Epinephrine stimulates the release of sugar from body reserves but also causes symptoms that resemble anxiety attacks (sweating, restlessness, trembling, fainting, palpitations, and sometimes hunger). More severe hypoglycemia cause a reduction of glucose to the brain and cause dizziness, confusion, fatigue, weakness, headache, unusual behavior, inability to concentrate, impaired vision, convulsions and coma. Prolonged hypoglycemia can cause permanent brain damage. Symptoms that resemble anxiety and disruption of brain function can begin slowly or suddenly. It most often occurs in people who take insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs. In patients with insulin-producing pancreatic tumor, symptoms occurred on the morning after an overnight fast, especially if the blood sugar stores are depleted by exercise before breakfast. At first only occasional episodes of hypoglycemia-time, but after a long time the attacks become more frequent and more severe.<br />
<br />
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia consists of two phases include:<br />
<ul>
<li>The first phase of the symptoms that arise as a result of activation of the autonomic centers in the hypothalamus so that the release of the hormone epinephrine. Symptoms include palpitations, out a lot of sweat, tremors, fear, hunger and nausea (glucose by 50 mg%).</li>
<li>The second phase is the symptoms that occur as a result of the start of the disruption of brain function, symptoms such as dizziness, blurred vision, decreased mental acuity, loss of fine motor skills, loss of consciousness, seizures and coma (blood glucose of 20 mg%).</li>
</ul>
<br />
The symptoms of hypoglycemia are not typical is the following:<br />
<ul>
<li>Changes in behavior.</li>
<li>Syncope sudden attack.</li>
<li>Headache in the morning, which will disappear with the morning meal.</li>
<li>Excessive sweating bedtime.</li>
<li>Waking from sleep at night to eat.</li>
<li>Hemiplegia / aphasia passing.</li>
<li>Angina pectoris without coronary artery abnormalities.</li>
</ul>
Research on people who are not diabetic indicate a disturbance in brain function that is ahead of phase I and in the call subliminal brain dysfunction, in addition to symptoms that are not typical.<br />
Sometimes symptoms do not appear adrenergic phase and direct patients away in the phase disruption of brain function, there are two types of loss of alertness, namely acute and chronic.<br />
Acute example: in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with blood glucose control is very tight near normal, the neuropathy autonomic in a patient who had been suffering from diabetes, and use of beta-blockers are nonselective, loss of alertness that chronicles usually irreversible and is considered a complication of diabetes serious.<br />
As a basic diagnosis of Whipple's triad can be used, ie hypoglycaemia with symptoms of central nervous, glucose levels less than 50 mg% and the symptoms will disappear with the administration of glucose.<br />
<br />
Hypoglycemia in diabetes is more common than ketoacidosis, although most spread are those of insulin dependence. Onset of hypoglycemia is much faster and manifestations are more varied, often in ways that are not clear so as to deflect the attention of a person until the person does not realize what is actually happening and not being able to find a treatment that does not fit, so the reactions of hypoglycaemia due to insulin may occurred in the midst of everyday life of the patient. Although significant recovery, and hypoglycemia can be rapid and complete within a few minutes after an appropriate treatment, many patients are emotionally (psychologically possibility) remain shaken for several hours or even for several days after an insulin reaction. Finally, in conditions of extreme hypoglycemia, still has the possibility to cause permanent brain damage and even fatal. (Ester, 2000 :).<br />
<br />
<br />
In the quotation from Karen Bruke 2005 there are few clinical signs and symptoms that include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Hungry.</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting.</li>
<li>Pale, cold skin.</li>
<li>Headache.</li>
<li>Rapid pulse.</li>
<li>Hypotension.</li>
<li>Irritability.</li>
</ul>
Manifestations cause changes in cerebral function:<br />
<ul>
<li>Headache.</li>
<li>Coma.</li>
<li>Difficulty in thinking.</li>
<li>Inability to concentrate.</li>
<li>Changes in attitude emotion.</li>
</ul>
komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-53304266217323968032015-10-16T20:50:00.000+07:002015-10-16T20:50:43.539+07:00Nursing Care Plan for Hypoglycemia: Activity Intolerance<br />
<b>Nursing Care Plan for Hypoglycemia</b> <br />
<br />
<b>Activity Intolerance</b> related to imbalance of oxygen supply and demand, weakness.<br />
<br />
Defining characteristics:<br />
<ul>
<li>Fatigue and weakness.</li>
<li>The response to activity indicates abnormal pulse and blood pressure.</li>
<li>Changes in ECG showed arrhythmia / dysrhythmia.</li>
<li>Dyspnea and discomfort.</li>
<li>Agitated.</li>
</ul>
Goal: The client is able to achieve: activity tolerance,<br />
<br />
with expected outcomes:<br />
<br />
<b>Activity Tolerance:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Oxygen saturation within normal limits when activity.</li>
<li>HR in the normal range when the activity.</li>
<li>Respiration in the normal range when the activity.</li>
<li>Systolic blood pressure in the normal range when the activity.</li>
<li>Diastolic blood pressure in the normal range when the activity.</li>
<li>ECG within normal limits.</li>
<li>Skin color.</li>
<li>Breathing efforts when the activity.</li>
<li>Walking in the room.</li>
<li>Walk away.</li>
<li>Climbing up the stairs.</li>
<li>ADL strength.</li>
<li>The ability to talk while exercising.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Interventions :</b><br />
<br />
<b>Therapeutic Activities:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Note the frequency of heart rhythm, changes in blood pressure before, during and after activity as indicated.</li>
<li>Increase rest, limit activity and provide leisure activities that are not heavy.</li>
<li>Limit visitors.</li>
<li>Monitor response to emotional, physical, social and spiritual.</li>
<li>Describe the pattern of a gradual increase in activity.</li>
<li>Help clients recognize a meaningful activity.</li>
<li>Help clients know the options for activity.</li>
<li>Determine the client's commitment to increase the frequency of the activity.</li>
<li>Collaboration related to the physical, recreational therapy, proper supervision activity program.</li>
<li>Help the client make a specific plan for the transfer of routine daily activity.</li>
<li>Help the client / family know all the quality of a shortage of activity.</li>
<li>Train the client / family about the role of physical, social, spiritual, sense activity in health care.</li>
<li>Help the client / family environment with a desire to adjust the activity.</li>
<li>Provide activities that increase attention in a certain period.</li>
<li>Facilitation replacement activity when the client has passed the deadline, energy and movement.</li>
<li>Provide an environment that is not harmful to walk as indicated.</li>
<li>Provide positive reinforcement for participation in the activity.</li>
<li>Help the client generates its own motivation.</li>
<li>Monitor the emotional, physical, social, and spiritual activities.</li>
<li>Help the client / family getting monitor progress toward achieving the goal.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Energy Management :</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Observation of the client restrictions in activity.</li>
<li>Encourage to express feelings towards limitations.</li>
<li>Assess the factors that cause fatigue.</li>
<li>Monitor nutrition and adequate sources of energy.</li>
<li>Monitor the client for physical fatigue and emotional excess.</li>
<li>Monitor the cardiovascular response to activity.</li>
<li>Monitor patterns of sleep and duration of sleep / rest.</li>
</ul>
<b>Dysrhythmia Management :</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Knowing for certain clients and families who have a history of heart.</li>
<li>Monitor and check oxygenation deficiency, acid-base balance, electrolytes.</li>
<li>Record ECG.</li>
<li>Advise the client to break every attack.</li>
<li>Record the frequency and duration of the attack.</li>
<li>Monitor hemodynamic status.</li>
</ul>
komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-470882288566800702015-10-13T00:15:00.000+07:002015-10-13T00:15:36.529+07:00More Complete About Symptoms of Stroke<br />
Stroke is a condition when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted. In brain tissue, in case of lack of blood flow will cause a series of biochemical reactions, which can be destructive and deadly nerve cells in the brain.<br />
<br />
The death of brain tissue, may result in loss of function that is controlled by the tissue. Therefore, stroke, including diseases that cause death number 3 after the first HIV / AIDS, the second is a heart attack and the third is a stroke.<br />
<br />
The most common symptoms of stroke known is suddenly paralyzed, the face looks down on one side, difficulty speaking, blindness, numbness, blurred vision, movement seemed unreal and difficult to balance until lost consciousness.<br />
<br />
For more details about the symptoms of a stroke are as follows:<br />
<br />
1. Paralysis in the limbs<br />
Paralysis in the limbs of a sudden is a symptom of stroke. Could only right hand or left hand, can also be a weakness in the right hand and left hand. Weakness on the right foot or left foot. Or both legs.<br />
<br />
2. Sensibility or impaired sense of touch half body<br />
Impaired sense of numbness or tingling in the form of half body or a limb that occurs suddenly should be suspected as a symptom of stroke. If interference occurs, such as the loss or lack of sensation or tingling or shock sensation in the limbs half.<br />
<br />
3. Facial nerve paralysis<br />
Facial nerve paralysis is one of the symptoms of stroke were the most frequently reported. Which of these facial nerve paralysis caused a disturbance in cranial nerve number 7. The face of sudden asymmetry.<br />
<br />
4. Aphasia or difficult to communicate<br />
Losing the ability to communicate both verbally and non-verbally that occurs suddenly it also includes symptoms of a stroke. If someone is suddenly could not speak or do not understand the contents of the conversation, then that person should be suspected as a symptom of stroke.<br />
<br />
5. Loss of speech or slurred speech<br />
Loss of speech or slurred speech is one of the main symptoms of stroke.<br />
<br />
6. Disorientation or sudden confusion<br />
If a person experiences a sudden confused even experienced a loss of consciousness, then it should be suspected as a symptom of stroke. If someone lose their ability to recognize people, given the time and place that occurs suddenly, then this should be suspected as a symptom of stroke.<br />
<br />
<br />
Stroke treatment is a race against time. If there are symptoms of a stroke immediately seek the right help quickly. With quick and precise handling will give good results.<br />
<br />
Diagnosis pathology (stroke blockage or bleeding stroke) was determined with minimal CT scan of the head. Good handling at the beginning, the expected good results.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-17869351007145364922015-10-12T23:42:00.002+07:002015-10-12T23:42:27.838+07:0011 Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes<br />
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of insulin system due to excess levels of glucose in the blood. There are two types of diabetes, namely; Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes . While both are still associated with excess blood sugar, there are fundamental differences are noteworthy, ranging from the causes, symptoms, and ways of prevention.<br />
<br />
Type 2 diabetes affects more adults with prefix aged 35 and over. Over time, people with type 2 diabetes not only older people, but young people aged 25 and even 20 years or older are also many who suffer from diabetes. A common cause of type 2 diabetes is improper diet and irregular with infrequent exercise.<br />
<br />
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes is difficult to recognize before exiting the diagnosis. The easiest way to find out is to do a blood sugar test. If positive diabetes, which is recognized as a way to treat diabetes usually begins with efforts taking oral medication or oral drug, changing lifestyle such as exercise more and eat a regular diet (reducing carbohydrate intake), and through weight reduction are also common.<br />
<br />
Therefore it is difficult to know whether the body of a diabetic, you can see a list of the following symptoms of type 2 diabetes.<br />
<br />
1. More frequent urination<br />
Diabetics often said he had increased urge to urinate. If at any time you experience the same thing, try to consult a doctor as early as possible in order to get treatment faster and controlled.<br />
<br />
2. Increased appetite<br />
Increased sense of wanting to eat can be another sign of diabetes. Hunger can not be controlled, because the hunger signal sent by this body, must be met, so that all the cells into functioning properly due to get more glucose intake.<br />
Hunger is not because the cells in the body is not getting glucose from food intake, but because the food has been ingested can not enter the cells to be used in the process of metabolism, causing the body's response was as hungry.<br />
<br />
3. Body weight decreased<br />
Be good news for people who have problems with overweight and obesity. But, look at the factors triggering the weight loss is due to diabetes, certainly makes you increasingly concerned. The weight loss is indeed closely related to the patient, because the body is unable to absorb glucose (the body's energy source) correctly.<br />
<br />
4. Thirst<br />
Increased urge to urinate affects fluid in the body, resulting in dehydration. The body is dehydrated will provide a response in the form of thirst with the aim to restore lost fluids.<br />
<br />
5. Numbness<br />
In many cases of diabetes that afflicts some people, almost entirely to experience symptoms such as numbness. As part of the body often feel numbness or tingling of the hands, feet, and his fingers. This early warning of diabetes occur due to increased blood sugar levels, making the nerve fibers damaged.<br />
<br />
6. Vision Becomes blurred or unclear<br />
Problems such as blurred vision is often a common complaint of patients with type 2 diabetes. Vision becomes blurred or unclear as ever, occurs due to increased glucose levels rise, damaging blood vessels and limiting fluid into the eye. This condition could change the shape of the lens and the eye.<br />
The good news, these symptoms are reversible (can be back to normal) along with the reduced blood sugar levels to normal limits. However, if high blood sugar disorders of the eye can lead to permanent blindness.<br />
<br />
7. Fatigue and quick emotion<br />
Fatigue appears not without cause. When sleeping, diabetics would not be comfortable with his condition. Often wake up to urinate and drink water, so that the process of sleep disturbed and not qualified. The next day the body experience fatigue and often invited emotion.<br />
<br />
8. Skin Problems<br />
Diabetes affects blood circulation, and make the experience of dysfunctional sweat glands, making the skin becomes scaly, itchy, dry, and irritation. Symptoms of this one is quite difficult to detect as diabetes, because many other causes that make skin problems like this.<br />
<br />
9. The process of wound healing is slow<br />
The presence of injuries when the body is not in good condition, such as excess blood sugar makes the body's immune system becomes abnormal. This certainly affects the recovery rate cuts or bruises, will take longer than usual.<br />
<br />
10. Fungal infections<br />
Diabetes affects the immune system of patients. The body will be susceptible to attack by a variety of bacteria and fungi. So the more the number of bacteria or fungus enters the body during the immune system is not prepared to fortify the body.<br />
<br />
11. Disorders of the gums<br />
Of the events that had passed, people with diabetes are more susceptible to damage gums. Such as gums become red, swollen, and irritation. Some even feel the gums recede from the teeth and gum infections there.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-26194801405095115912015-10-09T01:19:00.000+07:002017-08-05T13:23:23.549+07:007 Nursing Diagnosis for GERD<br />
<b>Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)</b> is defined as a pathological state as a result of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus causing a variety of symptoms that interfere in esophageal and extra-esophageal and or complications (Susanto, <br />
<br />
The clinical manifestations of GERD may include typical symptoms (esophageal) and atypical symptoms (extra esophagus). GERD symptoms 70% are typical, namely:<br />
<ol><li>Heartburn, that burning sensation in the retrosternal area. Symptoms of heartburn is the most common symptom.</li>
<li>Regurgitation, a condition in which stomach material was in the pharynx. Then sour and bitter taste in the mouth.</li>
<li>Dysphagia. It usually occurs because of complications such as stricture (Joseph, 2009)</li>
</ol>Atypical symptoms:<br />
<ul><li>Chronic cough, and sometimes wheezing.</li>
<li>Hoarseness.</li>
<li>Pneumonia.</li>
<li>Pulmonary fibrosis.</li>
<li>Bronchiectasis.</li>
<li>Nonkardiak chest pain (Joseph, 2009).</li>
</ul>Other symptoms:<br />
<ul><li>Weight loss.</li>
<li>Anemia.</li>
<li>Haematemesis or melena.</li>
<li>Odynophagia (Bestari, 2011).</li>
</ul><br />
Complications of GERD include:<br />
<ul><li>Barrett's Esophagus, which changes the squamous epithelium, becomes metaplastic columnar.</li>
<li>Ulcerative esophagitis.</li>
<li>Bleeding.</li>
<li>Stricture of the esophagus.</li>
<li>Aspirations. (Asroel, 2002).</li>
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for GERD</b><br />
<ol><li>Risk for aspiration related to barriers to swallow, decreased reflux larynx and glottis to liquid reflux.</li>
<li><a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/deficient-fluid-volume-related-to.html">Deficient Fluid Volume</a> related to nausea and vomiting / excessive spending.</li>
<li>Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, nausea, vomiting.</li>
<li><a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/acute-pain-related-to-gastritis.html">Acute pain</a> related to inflammation of the esophagus lining.</li>
<li>Ineffective airway clearance related to reflux of fluid into the larynx and throat.</li>
<li>Impaired Swallowing related to narrowing / stricture of the esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux disease.</li>
<li><a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/anxiety-related-to-laparotomy.html">Anxiety</a> related to the disease process.</li>
</ol>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-66906482834068226032015-10-07T12:07:00.000+07:002019-02-16T17:40:32.355+07:00Encephalitis Assessment and Nursing DiagnosisEncephalitis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by viruses or other microorganisms, which cause strong lymphocytic infiltration in brain tissue and leptomeninges cause cerebral edema, brain ganglion cell degeneration and destruction of nerve cells diffusion (Anania, 2008). Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue that can be caused by bacteria, worms, protozoa, fungi, rickets, or viruses (Mansjoer, 2000)<br />
<br />
Although the cause is different, the clinical symptoms of encephalitis is more or less the same and distinctive, so that it can be used as diagnostic criteria. Generally, the symptoms include fever, convulsions and decreased consciousness. (Mansjoer, 2000).<br />
<br />
Signs and symptoms of encephalitis as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Sudden temperature rises, often found hyperpyrexia.</li>
<li>Consciousness quickly dropped.</li>
<li>gag.</li>
<li>Seizures, which can be general, focal or twitching only.</li>
<li>Other cerebral symptoms, which may occur individually or together, eg paresis or paralysis, aphasia, and so on.</li>
</ol><br />
<b>Assessment</b><br />
<br />
Data that needs to be examined include (Doenges, 1999):<br />
<br />
1. Biodata.<br />
Biodata is the identity of the clients includes: name, age, gender, religion, ethnicity, address, date of hospital admission, registration number, date of assessment and medical diagnostics. This identity is used to differentiate clients from one another.<br />
<br />
2. Main complaint.<br />
The main complaint is the need to encourage clients to enter the hospital. The main complaints in patients with encephalitis include headaches, neck stiffness, impaired consciousness, fever and seizures.<br />
<br />
3. History of present illness.<br />
A history of current clients which include complaints, the nature and great complaints, start or recurrence of disease ever experienced before. Usually the prodromal period lasts between 1-4 days, characterized by fever, headache, dizziness, vomiting, sore throat, malaise, pain in the extremities and pale. Followed by signs of encephalitis that the severity depends on the distribution and extent of the lesion in neurons. The symptoms such as anxiety, irritable, screaning attack, behavioral changes, impaired consciousness and convulsions sometimes with focal neurological signs such as aphasia, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, ataxia and paralysis of the nerves of the brain.<br />
<br />
4. History of pregnancy and birth.<br />
In this case studied, among others; a history of prenatal, natal and post natal. In prenatal history should note any disease ever suffered by the mother primarily infectious diseases. History of childbirth need to know whether the baby is born in the gestational age at term or not, because it affects the immune system against the disease in children. The trauma of childbirth also affect the incidence of diseases for example; amniotic fluid aspiration in children. History of post childbirth is necessary to know the state of the child after birth. Example: low birth weight, and Apgar score.<br />
<br />
5. P6. revious medical history.<br />
Contact or relationship with meningitis cases will increase the likelihood of inflammation or infection of the brain tissue. Immunizations need to be studied to determine how the child's immune system. Allergies in children need to know to be avoided because it may make things worse.<br />
<br />
6. Family health history.<br />
Is a picture of the health of the family, whether there is a relationship with the illness. In this situation the health status of families need to know, if there are family members who suffer from infectious diseases in connection with the disease experienced by the client (Soemarno marram, 1983).<br />
<br />
7. Social history.<br />
Environment and the child's family is very supportive to the growth and development of children. Traveling clinic of the disease so disturbing mental status, behavior and personality. Nurse charged assess the status of the client or family in order to prioritize the issue in treatment.<br />
<br />
8. Basic Needs (daily activities).<br />
In patients with encephalitis often disruption of daily habits, among others: the fulfillment of nutritional disorders because of nausea, vomiting, hypermetabolic due to infectious processes, and increased intracranial pressure. Rest patterns in patients with frequent seizures, it greatly affects the patient. Pattern personal hygiene should be practiced on the bed because the patient is weak or unconscious, and is likely to depend on others, play behavior is unknown if any changes need to know as a result of hospitalization in children.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Encephalitis</b><br />
<ol><li>Hyperthermia r / t the disease: infection.</li>
<li>Nausea r / t increased intracranial pressure, inflammation of the brain.</li>
<li>Disturbed Sensory Perception (type: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, olfactory) r / t biochemical imbalances.</li>
<li>Risk for trauma r / t reduction in muscle coordination.</li>
</ol>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-35725147937526214452015-10-06T12:16:00.000+07:002015-10-06T12:16:23.467+07:00Physiological and Psychological Responses to Anxiety<br />
Autonomic nervous system responses to fear and anxiety cause involuntary activities in the body including the self-defense mechanism. Sympathetic nerve fibers "activate" vital signs at any sign of danger for preparing the body's defenses. The adrenal glands release adrenaline (epinephrine), which causes the body to take in more oxygen, dilates pupils, and increases arterial pressure and heart rate while making constricting peripheral blood vessels and makes shunting of blood from the gastrointestinal and reproductive system and increases glycogenolysis be free glucose to sustain heart , muscle, and central nervous system. When the danger has ended, parasympathetic nerve fibers reverse this process and restore the body to its normal state until the signs of the next threat to re-activate the sympathetic response (Videbeck, 2008).<br />
<br />
Anxiety causes the response of cognitive, psychomotor and physiological uncomfortable, such as difficulty thinking logically, increased motor activity, agitation, and increased vital signs. To reduce discomfort, individuals try to reduce the discomfort level to perform adaptive behavior that is new or defense mechanisms. Adaptive behavior can be a positive thing and helps individuals adapt and learn, for example: using imagination techniques to refocus attention on the beautiful scenery, relaxation of the body sequentially from head to toe, and breathing slowly and regularly to reduce muscle tension and vital signs. Negative response to anxiety can lead to maladaptive behaviors, such as headache due to tension, pain syndromes and stress-related responses that lead to immune efficiency (Videbeck, 2008).<br />
<br />
Anxiety can be passed from one individual to another individual through words, for example, heard a shout "fire" in a crowded room or hear the sound vibrating from the mother who can not find the child in a crowded mall. Anxiety may be communicated nonverbally through empathy, a sense of self-adjust the position of others for some time (Sullivan, in Videbeck, 2008).<br />
<br />
When people become anxious, they use defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Defense mechanisms is the cognitive distortions used by a person to maintain a sense of control over stressful situations. This process includes self deception, limited awareness of the situation, or the emotional commitment is lacking. Most defense mechanisms arise from the subconscious so that individuals do not consciously use it. When the patient can not explain the accident that had just happened, his mind was using the mechanism of repression (forget the terrifying events that unconsciously).<br />
<br />
Some individuals use excessive defense mechanisms and it stopped them learn a variety of appropriate methods to cope with situations that cause anxiety. Dependence on one or two defense mechanisms can also inhibit the growth of emotional, causing poor problem-solving skills, and cause trouble in a relationship.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-17284534067674127882015-10-06T11:58:00.000+07:002017-08-05T13:25:15.717+07:002 Nursing Interventions for Pemphigus VulgarisPemphigus vulgaris is a chronic blistering skin disease with skin lesions that are rarely pruritic, but which are often painful.<br />
<br />
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune, intraepithelial, blistering disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes. <br />
<br />
1. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/acute-pain-related-to-gastritis.html"><b>Acute Pain</b></a> related to damage to the soft tissue, soft tissue erosion.<br />
<br />
Goal: Pain is reduced / lost or adapted.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>Subjectively reported reduced pain or can be adapted. Pain scale: 0 -1.</li>
<li>Can identify activities that increase or decrease the pain.</li>
<li>The patient is not restless.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<br />
1. Assess PQRST approach (P = Provocation / Palliation, Q = Quality / Quantity, R = Region / Radiation, S = Severity Scale, T = Timing)<br />
Rationale: Being a basic parameter to determine the extent of intervention required and as the evaluation of the success of the intervention pain management.<br />
<br />
2. Explain and help the patient with pain relief action nonpharmacological and noninvasive.<br />
Rationale: The approach by using relaxation and other nonpharmacological have shown effectiveness in reducing pain.<br />
<br />
3. Perform nursing management of pain:<br />
<br />
a. Set the physiological position.<br />
Rationale: It would increase the intake of oxygen into the subcutaneous tissue inflammation. Setting ideal position is in the opposite direction to the lesion pemphigus.<br />
<br />
b. Perform maintenance of oral hygiene.<br />
Rationale: Overall patient's oral cavity can be eroded and exposed surfaces. Necrotic tissue can form in this area so that adds to the suffering of patients and interfere with food intake. Weight loss and hypoproteinemia may occur. Careful oral hygiene care is very important to keep the oral mucosa is kept clean and allow the regeneration of the epithelium. Rinse the mouth that often must be done to cleanse the mouth and reduces pain in the area of ulceration. Be kept moist lips by applying a lip moisturizer.<br />
<br />
c. Rest client<br />
Rationale: Rest is needed during the acute phase. This condition will increase the supply of blood to the inflamed tissue.<br />
<br />
d. If necessary premedication before performing wound care.<br />
Rationale: wet and cool compresses or immersion therapy is protective measures that can reduce pain. Patients with extensive lesions and pain should receive premedication prior to the preparation of an analgesic before the skin care began.<br />
<br />
e. Environmental management: calm environment and limit visitors.<br />
Rationale: Tranquil environment will decrease the pain stimulus of external and visitor restrictions will help increase oxygen conditions of the room, which will be reduced if many visitors who were in the room.<br />
<br />
d. Teach deep breathing relaxation techniques.<br />
Rationale: Improve input oxygenation in patients, resulting in lower secondary pain from inflammation.<br />
<br />
e. Teach technique of distraction during painful.<br />
Rationale: Distraction can reduce internal stmulus.<br />
<br />
f. Perform touch management.<br />
Rationale: It can help reduce pain. Light massage can increase blood flow and automatically helps the blood supply and oxygen to the painful area, and reduce the sensation of pain.<br />
<br />
4. Collaboration with physicians for providing analgesic.<br />
Rationale: Analgesics block the path of pain so the pain will be reduced.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/10/impaired-skin-integrity-related-to.html"><b>Impaired Skin Integrity</b></a> related to local necrosis secondary to tissue accumulation of pus in the hair follicles.<br />
<br />
Goal: Improved skin integrity optimally.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>Increased tissue growth, improved wound state, spending pus in the wound no longer exists, the wound closed.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<br />
1. Assess soft tissue damage that occurs on the client.<br />
rationale:<br />
Being the basic data to provide information about wound care interventions, what tools will be used, and the type of solution that will be used.<br />
<br />
2. Perform maintenance bullae.<br />
Rationale: The patient with bullae broad area, has a characteristic odor which will be reduced after secondary infection under control. The patient's skin after a bath, the skin is dried carefully and sprinkled with powder that is not irritating so that the patients can move more freely in bed. The amount of powder that is pretty much it may be necessary to keep the patient's skin is not sticky on the sheets. Hypothermia often happens and actions for keeping the patient warm and comfortable is a priority in nursing activity.<br />
Increased tissue growth, improved wound state, spending pus in the wound no longer exists, the wound closed.<br />
<br />
3. Increase the intake of nutrients in patients.<br />
Rationale: Nutrition is necessary to increase the intake of the needs of the body's tissues.<br />
<br />
4. Evaluation of tissue damage and the development of tissue growth.<br />
Rationale: If still not reached of the evaluation criteria, then it needs to be re-examined factors that can inhibit the growth of the wound.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-40649814578691475652015-10-01T21:35:00.002+07:002019-02-16T17:43:14.328+07:006 Nursing Interventions for Glaucoma<b>Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Glaucoma</b><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Acute Pain related to an increase in IOP<br />
<br />
Goal: Pain is reduced and the client is on the comfort level.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>The Client do not complain of pain.</li>
<li>Normal intraocular pressure / down.</li>
<li>Calm facial expression.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Assess the type, intensity and location of pain. Use pain scale to determine the level of analgesic doses.</li>
<li>Keep the rest in bed in a quiet room and dark with the head elevated 30 ° or in a comfortable position.</li>
<li>Rest of clients in the room that does not dazzle with the head rather an extension or a comfortable position for the client.</li>
<li>Encourage relaxation techniques.</li>
<li>Avoid nausea, vomiting, give anti-emetic if necessary.</li>
<li>Collaboration with physicians in providing analgesic.</li>
</ul><br />
2. <a href="http://www.nandahealth.top/2013/09/disturbed-sensory-perception-visual.html">Disturbed Sensory Perception (visual)</a> related to damage to the nerve fibers due to increased IOP.<br />
<br />
Goal: Decrease of visual field can be reduced.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>The client can use the drug correctly.</li>
<li>Cooperative in every action.</li>
<li>Realized loss of eyesight permanently.</li>
<li>Vision did not decline further.</li>
</ul><br />
Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Assess and record the visual acuity.</li>
<li>Assess functional description of what can be seen / not.</li>
<li>Environment with the ability to adjust the vision.</li>
<li>Orient on the environment: Put the tools that are often used in client outreach vision, Provide adequate lighting, Put the tools in place which remains, Provide reading materials with great writing, avoid glare.</li>
<li>Use the clock sound.</li>
<li>Assess the amount and type of stimuli that can be accepted by the client.</li>
<li>Advise on alternative forms of stimulation such as radio, TV.</li>
</ul><br />
<br />
3. Risk for injury related to a decrease in the visual field.<br />
<br />
Goal: The client was not injured.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>The client can explain how to prevent injury.</li>
<li>The is able to demonstrate on alertness anxiety.</li>
<li>The officer asked for help when the ends meet.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Orient the client to the environment when it arrives.</li>
<li>Explain the origin of a decrease in peripheral vision and do like bumping into objects.</li>
<li>Suggest to turn his head to look into each side.</li>
<li>Arrange the room in order to walk around freely.</li>
<li>Make modifications to the environment to move all the dangers: Get rid of the obstacles on a walk. Get rid of the foot rolls. Get rid of items that may injure the client. Help clients and families to evaluate the home environment against the dangers that may occur.</li>
</ul><br />
4. <a href="http://www.nandahealth.top/2013/09/risk-for-infection-related-to-premature.html">Risk for infection</a> related to the surgical wound.<br />
<br />
Goal: infection can be prevented / controlled.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>Free from signs and symptoms of infection.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Wash hands before and after nursing actions.</li>
<li>Improve sufficient nutrients (nutritious and contain vitamin A).</li>
<li>Monitor signs and symptoms of systemic and local infections.</li>
<li>Monitor susceptibility to infection.</li>
<li>Inspection condition of the wound / surgical incision.</li>
<li>Instrusikan clients to drink antibiotics as recommended.</li>
<li>Teach clients and families about the signs and symptoms of infection, and how to avoid infection.</li>
</ul><br />
5. Disturbed body image related to the lesions on the skin which affects its appearance.<br />
<br />
Goal: The client can accept the situation.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>Discuss strategies to cope with changes in body image.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Assess the patient's knowledge of the existence of a potential disability associated with surgery or skin changes.</li>
<li>Monitor the patient's ability to see the changes against him.</li>
<li>Encourage the patient to discuss feelings about the changes in the appearance of the surgery.</li>
<li>Give support group for people nearby.</li>
</ul><br />
6. <a href="http://www.nandahealth.top/2013/09/anxiety-related-to-laparotomy.html">Anxiety</a> related to loss of vision, lack of knowledge.<br />
<br />
Goal: Anxiety is reduced.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes:<br />
<ul><li>Reduced feeling nervous.</li>
<li>Reveals an understanding of the plan of action.</li>
<li>Relaxed body position.</li>
</ul>Interventions:<br />
<ul><li>Carefully deliver permanent loss of vision.</li>
<li>Give the client the opportunity to express about the condition.</li>
<li>Maintain a relaxed condition.</li>
<li>Explain the purpose of each action.</li>
<li>Prepare bell on the bed and instructed the client to indicate when asking for help.</li>
<li>Maintain effective pain control.</li>
</ul>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-82190155763978934082015-09-27T23:11:00.000+07:002015-09-27T23:11:00.177+07:00Home Care - How to Relieve Severe Nausea in Pregnant Women<b>Home Care - How to Relieve Severe Nausea in Pregnant Women</b><br />
<br />
Nausea is the sensation issued a strong food or want to vomit. Vomiting sensation is accompanied by signs of autonomic, such as hypersalivation (excessive saliva expenditure), diaphoresis, tachycardia, pallor, and tachypnea. Nausea is closely linked to the occurrence of anorexia and vomiting.<br />
<br />
Nausea can also occur due to take medication, the effects that occur after surgery and radiation. Nausea often occurs during the first trimester to a pregnant woman.<br />
Nausea can also be caused by extreme pain due to accidents or other issues, anxiety, alcohol poisoning (drunk) because of excessive consumption, or it can also be caused by food and beverages are not tasty.<br />
<br />
Nausea during early pregnancy is often called morning sickness, because it generally occurs in the morning. Really just happened the morning ?, Not really, because there are some pregnant women can occur at any time throughout the day. Because the exact cause is unknown, treatment of this problem can have different effectiveness. But do not worry because there are some things you can do.<br />
<br />
Increased estrogen and thyroxine become one of the causes of nausea in pregnant women. Sometimes in some women, the nausea lasts until severe. Therefore to avoid it, you can do some of the following home care.<br />
<br />
Get plenty of rest<br />
When you are pregnant, you are advised to have plenty of time to rest. Rest will make your body relax and minimize fluctuation of hormones that can cause nausea.<br />
<br />
After sleep, get up slowly<br />
When waking from sleep, get up slowly. If you wake up suddenly, then there is a jolt that will shock your body and can make you sick.<br />
<br />
Eating healthy food<br />
While pregnant, avoid foods that can trigger nausea. One of them is caffeine. Caffeine is a proven bad for your pregnancy because it can increase the acid in the stomach which would exacerbate nausea.<br />
<br />
Increase your physical activity<br />
Physical activity you do, can reduce severe nausea because physical activity will accelerate your body's metabolic system so that you avoid nausea.<br />
<br />
komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-49306911080800807412015-09-27T00:38:00.003+07:002019-02-16T17:41:50.738+07:00Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Cirrhosis of the Liver<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis 1.</b><br />
<br />
Self-Care Deficit related to fatigue and the presence of ascites.<br />
<br />
Goal: The client is able to care for themselves.<br />
Expected outcomes: The client is able to show self-care activities.<br />
<br />
Interventions :<br />
<br />
1. Give the rest during the acute phase.<br />
Rationale: Increased rest and tranquility providing the energy that is used for healing.<br />
<br />
2. Give light activity during bed rest.<br />
Rationale: Bed rest time, can reduce the ability, this is precisely the case due to the limited activities that disrupt the rest period.<br />
<br />
3. If the client is tired, limit visits of family or friends.<br />
Rationale: Increase rest and tranquility providing the energy that is used for healing.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis 2.</b><br />
<br />
Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to anorexia.<br />
<br />
Goal: Nutrition clients are met.<br />
Expected outcomes: The client is able to exhibit a lifestyle to improve or maintain an appropriate body weight, showed weight gain goals with laboratory values, and freely sign of malnutrition.<br />
<br />
Interventions:<br />
<br />
1. Observation vital signs.<br />
Rationale: To determine the general state of the client.<br />
<br />
2. Monitor dietary intake, or the number of calories and provide little in the frequency often.<br />
Rationale: Eat a lot harder when the client anorexia. Anorexia is also the worst during the day, make food intake difficult in the afternoon.<br />
<br />
3. Provide oral care before meals.<br />
Rationale: Eliminate sense, it can not increase the appetite.<br />
<br />
4. Monitor blood glucose.<br />
Rationale: hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia can occur require changes in diet or insulin administration.<br />
<br />
5. Collaboration: Consultation with a dietitian to provide a diet in accordance with the client's needs with the input of fat and protein as tolerated.<br />
Rationale: Allows to create a diet program for individual needs. Protein restriction is indicated in severe diseases like hepatitis.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis 3.</b><br />
<br />
Risk for Impaired tissue integrity related to bed rest, ascites and edema.<br />
<br />
Goal: Do not damage the integrity of the skin.<br />
<br />
Expected outcomes: Identify the risk factors and shows the behavior or technique to prevent skin damage.<br />
<br />
Interventions:<br />
<br />
1. Elevate the lower extremities.<br />
Rationale: Improves venous return and decrease edema in the extremities.<br />
<br />
2. Keep the sheets dry and free of creases.<br />
Rational: Humidity increase pruritus and improve skin damage.<br />
<br />
3. Cut fingernails to short, and give the gloves if desired.<br />
Rationale: Prevent clients from injury to the skin, especially at bedtime.<br />
<br />
4. Give the massage at bedtime.<br />
Rational: Beneficial to improve sleep by reducing skin irritation.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-42157707581194264182015-09-26T23:37:00.001+07:002017-08-05T13:29:05.154+07:00Nursing Diagnosis for Glaucoma (Pre and Post Operative)<br />
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases causing optic nerve damage. Glaucoma often affects both eyes, usually to varying degrees. One eye may develop glaucoma quicker than the other.Glaucoma is a condition which can affect sight, usually due to build up of pressure within the eye. <br />
<br />
The exact causes of optic nerve damage from glaucoma is not fully understood, but involves mechanical compression and/or decreased blood flow of the optic nerve. Although high eye pressure sometimes leads to glaucoma, many people can also develop glaucoma with "normal" eye pressure. <br />
<br />
There are four main types of glaucoma:<br />
<ul><li>Acute angle-closure glaucoma – which often has severe symptoms</li>
<li>Chronic open-angle glaucoma – the most common type which often has few symptoms</li>
<li>Developmental glaucoma – a rare condition affecting young babies</li>
<li>Secondary glaucoma – caused by other conditions or eye treatments</li>
</ul><br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Glaucoma (Pre Operative)</b><br />
<br />
1. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/disturbed-sensory-perception-visual.html">Disturbed Sensory Perception (visual)</a> related to the reception of sensory disturbances, impaired organ status.<br />
<br />
2. Pain (acute / chronic) related to an increase in intra-ocular pressure (IOP)<br />
characterized by nausea and vomiting.<br />
<br />
3. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/anxiety-related-to-laparotomy.html">Anxiety</a> related to physiological factors, changes in health status, pain, possibility / reality vision loss.<br />
<br />
4. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/deficient-knowledge-related-to_17.html">Deficient Knowledge</a> (learning needs) about the condition, prognosis, and treatment related to less exposed / do not know the source.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Glaucoma (Post Operative)</b><br />
<br />
1. Pain (acute / chronic) related to the surgical incision.<br />
<br />
2. Risk for injury related to increased IOP, vitreous loss.<br />
<br />
3. <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/risk-for-infection-related-to-premature.html">Risk for infection</a> related to invasive procedures.<br />
<br />
komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-55861031863256006442013-12-01T00:25:00.000+07:002014-08-28T22:06:32.964+07:00Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly : Stress, Urgency, Overflow, FunctionalThere are several clinical categories on the urinary incontinence. Let us consider one by one.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Stress urinary incontinence</b><br />
<br />
Maybe you've come across people who when laughing or coughing followed by discharge of urine, either a little or a lot. Generally, the incident caused by the weakening of the muscles in the pelvic floor.<br />
<br />
Although not the sole cause, but the frequency of occurrence of urinary incontinence due to a weakening of the pelvic muscles. This category incontinence usually occurs in the elderly who are aged in their 70s and often suffered by women.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Urgency urinary incontinence</b><br />
<br />
Some of the neurological problems associated with urinary urgency incontinence, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, or spinal cord injury. That occurs in this type of urinary incontinence is the patient complained of insufficient time to get to the toilet, but the urine was out first.<br />
<br />
The process is very fast between the desire to urinate and the urine before patients are in the bathroom. This type usually occurs in old age people, over 70s. <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Overflow urinary incontinence</b><br />
<br />
Perhaps this type of incontinence rather rare. Uncontrolled urine that comes out in this type of incontinence is associated with the occurrence of prostate enlargement or multiple sclerosis, which can cause the patient to contract the bladder.<br />
<br />
Factor drugs can also cause this overflow incontinence. How it happened? Patients who suffer from overflow incontinence is usually only a few passing urine without feeling the sensation when her bladder is full.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Functional urinary incontinence</b><br />
<br />
For this type, mostly occurs due to severe dementia, environmental factors, and psychological factors. In patients who suffer from this type of incontinence is usually accompanied by the emergence of a variety of symptoms and urodynamic picture of the occurrence of more than one type of urinary incontinence.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-3173298236964172752013-12-01T00:09:00.000+07:002014-08-29T22:07:09.888+07:00Urinary Retention in PregnancyUterine incarceration is a fairly rare occurrence with an incidence of only about 1 : 3000 pregnancies. Caused by uterine retroversion him, trapped behind the sacral promontory and fixed for the remainder of the pregnancy. Between 12-20 weeks gestation, the patient will complain of lower abdominal pain, constipation, urinary incontinence, <a href="http://careplannursing.blogspot.com/2011/11/urinary-retention.html" target="_blank">urinary retention</a>, or even urinate constantly.<br />
<br />
Fernandes et al (2012) noted in 10 years at a hospital in Boston occurred eight cases of uterine incarceration. The risk is spontaneous abortion. In some severe cases, the uterus may interfere with the attitude of the bladder and rectum, so as causing rupture of the bladder and rectum gangrene.<br />
<br />
Incarceration of the uterus can lead to misdiagnosis as ectopic pregnancy, the uterus is experiencing retroflexi part, presumed gestational sac cul - de -sac while the inferior part of the uterine endometrium unexpectedly empty. Ultrasound will show that the length of the cervix appears anterosuperior position. Fundus will be in the posterior, located next to the pelvic cavity.<br />
<br />
In a journal written on J Ultrasound Med 2012; 31:645-50, Fernandes et al revealed that the repositioning of the uterus during pregnancy should be done between 14-20 weeks old. The patient was placed with the dorsal lithotomy position, then paired urinary catheter, and hand pressed bimanually the uterus. One finger went into the rectum, and then increase the pressure on the uterus. If difficult to do with regional anesthesia, this procedure can be performed laparoscopically or even laparotomy. Having returned to the position anteflexi uterus, uterine pessarium fitted for a week in order not to go back into retroversion.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-50499488481163649852013-11-20T08:54:00.001+07:002017-01-14T09:22:57.129+07:00Gastritis - Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology and Prevention<b>Definition of Gastritis</b><br />
<br />
Gastritis is an inflammation localized or diffuse, in the gastric mucosa that develops when the mucosal protective mechanisms are filled with bacteria or irritants. (J. Reves, 1999).<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/11/gastritis-definition-classification.html"><b>Classification of Gastritis</b></a><br />
<br />
Gastritis by type divided into 2 (two), namely :<br />
<br />
<i>1. Acute gastritis</i><br />
Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) is most often caused by carelessness diet, such as eating too much, too fast, eating food too much seasoning or infected food. Other causes include alcohol, aspirin, bile fefluks and radiation therapy. Gastritis can also be the first sign of acute systemic infection. Form a more severe acute gastritis caused by strong acid or alkali, which can lead to gangrene or perforation of the mucosa.<br />
<br />
<i>2. Chronic gastritis</i><br />
Prolonged inflammation caused by both benign and malignant gastric ulcers, by the bacteria <i>H. Pylori</i>. Chronic gastritis may be classified as Type A or Type B. Type A occurs in gastric fundus or corpus. Type B (<i>H. Pylori</i>) the antrum and pylorus. May be related to the bacteria <i>H. Pylori.</i> Dietary factors such as hot drinks, seasonings, use of drugs, alcohol, smoking or reflux of intestinal contents into the stomach.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Pathophysiology of <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/acute-pain-related-to-gastritis.html">Gastritis</a></b><br />
<br />
Foodstuffs, drinks, drugs and chemicals that go into the stomach causing irritation or erosion of the gastric mucosa to lose barrier (protective). Furthermore an increase in diffusion of hydrogen ions. Diffusion in mucosal disruption and increased gastric acid secretion is increased / lot. Stomach acid and digestive enzymes. Then invades the gastric mucosa and inflammatory reaction occurs. This is called gastritis. Response of the gastric mucosa against irritants are mostly with mucosal regeneration, therefore such disturbances often disappears by itself.<br />
<br />
With the constant irritation, tissue become inflamed and can bleed.<br />
The introduction of substances such as strong acids and bases are corrosive resulting in inflammation and necrosis of the stomach wall (gastritis corrosive). Necrosis can result in perforation of the stomach wall to the next due to bleeding and peritonitis.<br />
Chronic gastritis can lead to a state of atrophy of the gastric glands and the state of mucosal thickening patches are gray or greenish gray (gastitis atrophic). The loss of the gastric mucosa will ultimately result in reduced gastric secretion and the onset of pernicious anemia. Atrophic gastritis may be a precursor to gastric carcinoma. Chronic Gastritis may also occur in conjunction with peptic ulcer or may occur after the action gastroyeyunostomía.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Prevention of Gastritis</b><br />
<br />
Although infection of <i>H. pylori</i> can not always be prevented, here are some suggestions to reduce the risk of gastritis:<br />
<br />
1. Eating correctly. Avoid foods that can irritate especially spicy foods, acidic, fried or fatty. Which is just as important as the selection of the right foods for health is how to eat it. Eat a sufficient amount, on time and done with ease.<br />
<br />
2. Avoid alcohol. The use of alcohol can irritate and erode the mucous lining of the stomach and can cause inflammation and bleeding.<br />
<br />
3. Do not smoke. Smoking affect the protective stomach lining, making the stomach more susceptible to gastritis and ulcers. Smoking also increases stomach acid, thereby delaying the healing of the stomach and is a major cause of gastric cancer. However, to be able to quit smoking is not easy, especially for heavy smokers. Consult with your doctor about methods that can help to stop smoking.<br />
<br />
4. Do exercise regularly. Aerobic exercise can increase heart rate and breathing, also can stimulate bowel muscle activity that helps remove food waste from the intestines more quickly.<br />
<br />
5. Control stress. Stress increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, lowers the immune system and can lead to skin problems. Stress also increases the production of stomach acid and slow down the speed of digestion. Because stress for some people can not be avoided, then the key is to control it effectively by way of a nutritious diet, adequate rest, regular exercise and adequate relaxation.<br />
<br />
6. Replace pain medication. If possible, avoid the use of NSAIDs, this class of drugs will cause inflammation and will make existing inflammation worse. Replace with pain relievers containing acetaminophen.<br />
<br />
7. Follow the doctor's recommendations.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nanda-nursing.blogspot.com/2010/11/nursing-care-plan-for-gastritis.html" target="_blank">Nursing Care Plan for Gastritis</a>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-44042420000203368832013-11-19T08:40:00.001+07:002014-08-29T22:17:57.467+07:00Urinary Tract Infection : Definition, Classification, Etiology, Signs and Symptoms<b>Definition</b><br />
<br />
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a state of the invasion of microorganisms in the urinary tract. (Agus Tessy, 2001)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://nandanursingdiagnoses.blogspot.com/2014/08/urinary-tract-infection-symptoms-and.html" target="_blank">Urinary Tract Infection</a> (UTI) is a bacterial infection of the state of the urinary tract. (Enggram, Barbara, 1998)<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Classification</b><br />
<br />
Classification of urinary tract infections as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Bladder (cystitis)</li>
<li>Urethra (urethritis)</li>
<li>Prostate (prostatitis)</li>
<li>Kidneys (pyelonephritis)</li>
</ol><br />
<a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/11/altered-urinary-elimination-ncp-urinary.html"><b>Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)</b></a> in the elderly, can be divided into :<br />
<br />
1 . Uncomplicated (simple)<br />
Simple UTI that occurs in patients with urinary tract is not good, normal anatomic and functional. This UTI in elderly patients, especially regarding women and the infection just about superficial bladder mucosa.<br />
<br />
2 . Complicated<br />
Often cause a lot of problems because they are often difficult to eradicate germs, germs are often resistant to multiple kinds of antibiotics, frequent bacteremia, sepsis and shock. The UTI occurs when the circumstances are as follows :<br />
<ul><li>Abnormal urinary tract abnormalities, such as stone, reflex vesico urethral obstruction, bladder atony, paraplegia, permanent bladder catheter and prostatitis.</li>
<li>Abnormalities of renal physiology : renal failure acute and chronic renal failure.</li>
<li>Immune disorders</li>
<li>Infections caused by virulent organisms such as prosteus spp, which produce urease.</li>
</ul><br />
<b>Etiology</b><br />
<br />
1. The types of microorganisms that cause UTI, among others:<br />
<ul><li><i>Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella</i>: the cause of complicated UTI.</li>
<li><i>Escherichia Coli </i>: 90% cause of uncomplicated UTI (simple).</li>
<li><i>Enterobacter, epidemidis staphylococci, enterococci</i>, and-others.</li>
</ul><br />
2. The prevalence of UTI in the elderly, among others:<br />
<ul><li>Residual urine in the bladder is increased due to the bladder emptying less effective.</li>
<li>Decreased mobility.</li>
<li>Nutrition is often poor.</li>
<li>Decreased immune system, either cellular or humoral.</li>
<li>Barriers to the flow of urine.</li>
<li>Loss of bactericidal effect of prostate secretions.</li>
</ul><br />
<b>Signs and Symptoms</b><br />
<br />
1. Signs and symptoms of lower UTI are:<br />
<ul><li>Frequent pain and a burning sensation when urinating.</li>
<li>Spasame the bladder and suprapubic area.</li>
<li>Hematuria.</li>
<li>Back pain can occur.</li>
</ul><br />
2. Signs and symptoms of upper UTI are:<br />
<ul><li>Fever.</li>
<li>Chills.</li>
<li>Pelvic pain and waist.</li>
<li>Pain when urinating.</li>
<li>Malaise.</li>
<li>Dizziness.</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting.</li>
</ul><a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/09/urinary-retention-related-to-benign.html">Urinary Retention related to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://nanda-nursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/nursing-care-plan-for-urinary-tract.html" target="_blank">Nursing Care Plan for Urinary Tract Infection</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://nandanursingdiagnoses.blogspot.com/2014/08/nanda-urinary-tract-infection.html" target="_blank">Nanda for Urinary Tract Infection</a>komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2188878956397325046.post-64115206707085989692013-11-19T08:22:00.000+07:002014-08-29T22:19:21.866+07:00Altered Urinary Elimination - NCP Urinary Tract Infections<b>Nursing Care Plan for <a href="http://nandahealth.blogspot.com/2013/11/urinary-tract-infection-definition.html">Urinary Tract Infections</a></b><br />
<br />
A <a href="http://nandanursingdiagnoses.blogspot.com/2014/08/urinary-tract-infection-symptoms-and.html" target="_blank">urinary tract infection</a> (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.<br />
Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include painful urination and either frequent urination or urge to urinate (or both), while those of pyelonephritis include fever and flank pain in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI.<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis : Altered Urinary Elimination</b> related to mechanical obstruction of the bladder or other urinary tract structures.<br />
<br />
Outcomes:<br />
Improved elimination pattern , not the signs urinary disorders : urgency , oliguric , dysuria<br />
<br />
Intervention:<br />
<br />
1. Monitor input and output and urine characteristics.<br />
Rational: provides information about kidney function and presence of complications.<br />
<br />
2. Encourage increased fluid intake.<br />
Rationale: increased hydration washes the bacteria.<br />
<br />
3. Assess complaints of the urinary bladder.<br />
Rational: urinary retention may occur causing tissue distension (bladder / kidney).<br />
<br />
4. Observation of changes in the level of consciousness.<br />
Rational: accumulation of uremic and electrolyte imbalances can be toxic to the central nervous system.<br />
<br />
5. Monitor laboratory tests; electrolytes, BUN, creatinine.<br />
Rational: monitoring of renal dysfunction.<br />
<br />
6. Take action to maintain acidic urine: input increase berry juice and give medications to increase uric acid.<br />
Rational: uric acid deter the growth of bacteria. Increased input preformance juice can affect the treatment of urinary tract infections.komaribuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17849825128757354865noreply@blogger.com0