Various changes occur in the musculoskeletal system, including bone loss (osteoporosis), enlarged joints, tendon stiffness, limited motion, thinning of the intervertebral disc, and muscle weakness, occurs in the aging process.
In the elderly, the collagen structure is less able to absorb the energy. Joint cartilage degeneration and areas that support the body longer to heal. This resulted in the occurrence of osteoarthritis. So also in muscle mass and strength is also reduced.
Definition
Mobility is the movement that gave freedom and independence for someone. Although this type of activity changed throughout human life, mobility is central to participate in and enjoy life. Maintaining optimal moblitas very important for the mental and physical health of all elderly.
Mobility is not an absolute and static in determining the ability to walk; optimal but mobility is something individualistic, relative, and depends on the dynamic interaction between environmental factors and social, afetif and physical function. For one, optimal mobility may be running about 8 kilometers per day; for others, mobility may involve limited movement with the help.
Immobility is broadly defined as the level of activity that is less than optimal mobility. Barriers to physical mobility nursing diagnosis, potential disuse syndrome, and activity intolerance providing a more limited definition of immobility and immobility included in a broader definition.
Immobility, activity intolerance and disuse syndrome often occurs in the elderly. Studies on the incidence of nursing diagnoses used for the elderly who are in care institutions revealed that barriers to physical mobility is the first or the second diagnosis most often appear. The prevalence of this problem extends beyond the institutions to involve the entire elderly.
Impaired Physical Mobility
Definition
A state of the limited ability of independent physical movement experienced by a person.
Defining characteristics :
- Inability to move with purpose in the environment, including bed mobility, move, and ambulation.
- Reluctance to perform the movement.
- Limitation of range of motion.
- Decrease the power, control, or muscle mass.
- Experienced restrictions on movement, including protocols and medical mechanical.
- Impaired coordination.
Related factors :
- Activity intolerance.
- Decreased strength and endurance.
- Pain and discomfort.
- Perceptual or cognitive disorders.
- Neuromuscular disorders.
- Depression.
- Severe anxiety.
Potential Disuse Syndrome
Definition
A state of someone who is at risk to suffer damage as a result of the body's systems of musculoskeletal inactivity recommended by the physician or unavoidable.
Risk factors :
- Paralysis
- Mechanical immobilization
- Immobilization recommended by the doctor
- severe pain
- Changes in level of consciousness
Activity Intolerance
Definition
A state of energy insufficiency in physiological or psychological on a person to survive or complete activities of daily living is needed or desired.
Defining characteristics :
- Verbal report of fatigue or weakness.
- Heart rate or blood pressure is not normal to the activity.
- Discomfort or dyspnea after the move.
- Electrocardiographic changes indicating the presence of dysrhythmias or ischemia.
Related factors :
Bed rest and immobility
General weakness
Sedentary lifestyle
Imbalance between oxygen supply and requirement
Internal Factors
Various internal factors resulted in the immobilization of the body or body parts. Detailed discussion of internal factors which contribute to immobility can be found in the related chapters in this text.
Internal factors that cause or contribute to the immobilization
- Musculoskeletal function decline
- Muscles (atrophy, dystrophy, or injury)
- Bones (fractures infection, tumor, osteoporosis, or osteomalacia)
- Joints (arthritis and tumors)
- Combination structure (and cancer drugs)
Changes in neurological function
- Infection (eg, ensevalitis)
- Tumor
- Trauma
- Drugs
- Vascular disease (eg, stroke)
- Demyelinating disease (eg, multiple sclerosis)
- Degenerative diseases (eg, Parkinson's disease)
- Exposure to toxic products (eg, carbon monoxide)
- Metabolic disorders (eg, hypoglycemia)
- Nutrition disorders
Pain
- Multiple and varied causes such as chronic illness and trauma
Perceptual deficits
- Excess or shortage of input sensory perception
Reduced ability cognitive
Koqnitif process disturbances, such as severe dementia
Fall
- Physical effects: injury or fracture
- Psychological effects: syndrome after fall
Changes in social relations
- Actual factors (eg, loss of a spouse, moving away from family, or friends)
- Perceptual factors (eg, change of mindset as depression)
- Helplessness in learning.
- Depression
External Factors
Many external factors that alter the mobility of the elderly. These include therapeutic program, the characteristics of residence and staff, nursing care delivery systems, barriers, and institutional policies.
1.) Therapeutic program
Medical treatment program has a strong influence on the quality and quantity of patient movement. Examples of programs include restrictions on mechanical factors and pharmacological, bed rest, and restrein.
2.) Occupant characteristics Institutions
Mobility levels and patterns of behavior of a group of peers may affect client mobility patterns and behavior.
3.) characteristics of staff
Three characteristics of the nursing staff is affecting the mobility patterns of knowledge, commitment, and the amount.
4.) Nursing care delivery systems
Type of nursing care delivery system in use at the institution can affect the mobility status of its inhabitants.
5.) Barriers
Physical and architectural barriers can interfere with mobility. Physical barriers include the lack of available tools for mobility, knowledge in the use of mobility aids inadequate for foot rest.
6.) Institutional policies
Another important environmental factor for Lasia are the policies and procedures of the institution.
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